Some cities focus on generating new ideas and new products, which requires a diversified economic base; others on large-scale standardized...
GMAT Reading Comprehension : (RC) Questions
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Some cities focus on generating new ideas and new products, which requires a diversified economic base; others on large-scale standardized production, which is better carried out in a more specialized economic environment. Thus, both large, diversified, cities and smaller, specialized, cities are needed. The main issue with specialized cities, however, is that, despite the advantages of specialization (less urban crowding and stronger localization economies , i.e., economies based on the proximity of closely related producers within a particular sector), such cities are exposed to greater risk due to the rise and fall of specific sectors and technologies.
But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses. Insurance by the central government may be a good alternative. However, this is costly, and complete insurance may lead to complacency. Another alternative is to give local governments the power to restructure local economies. This may lead, however, to the involvement of local government in excessively ambitious economic-development policies; not every community can create the next Silicon Valley. Moreover, the link between innovation and diversity seems fairly robust, so highly innovative clusters cannot be bred in highly specialized economic environments. An alternative solution is to encourage labor mobility -but in Europe, for example, this awakens fears about lost regional identities.
Ques. 1/3
According to the passage, one possible disadvantage of limiting specialization is that
Solution
1. Passage Analysis:
Progressive Passage Analysis
| Text from Passage | Analysis |
|---|---|
| Some cities focus on generating new ideas and new products, which requires a diversified economic base; others on large-scale standardized production, which is better carried out in a more specialized economic environment. | What it says: Cities can be grouped into two types - diverse cities that create new things, and specialized cities that mass-produce things. What it does: Establishes the fundamental framework/categories for the entire discussion Source/Type: Author's analytical categorization Connection to Previous Sentences: This is the opening statement - no previous context to build on Visualization: Type 1: Diverse City (like a research hub) → Creates 100 different new products Type 2: Specialized City (like a factory town) → Produces 10,000 units of one product Reading Strategy Insight: This sentence creates our mental framework. Everything else will relate back to these two city types. What We Know So Far: Two types of cities exist with different economic purposes What We Don't Know Yet: Which is better? What are the trade-offs? |
| Thus, both large, diversified, cities and smaller, specialized, cities are needed. | What it says: We need both types of cities to exist. What it does: Provides the author's conclusion about the relationship between the two city types Source/Type: Author's opinion/conclusion Connection to Previous Sentences: - Sentence 1 told us: There are two different types of cities - NOW Sentence 2: Tells us both types are valuable - This builds on Sentence 1 by answering "which is better?" with "both are needed" Visualization: Economic Ecosystem = Diverse Cities (innovation) + Specialized Cities (production) Like: Research Labs + Factories = Complete system Reading Strategy Insight: Feel relieved here - the author isn't setting up a competition between city types, but saying both have value. The word "Thus" signals this is a logical conclusion, not new complexity. What We Know So Far: Two city types exist and both are necessary What We Don't Know Yet: Are there any problems with either type? |
| The main issue with specialized cities, however, is that, despite the advantages of specialization (less urban crowding and stronger localization economies , i.e., economies based on the proximity of closely related producers within a particular sector), such cities are exposed to greater risk due to the rise and fall of specific sectors and technologies. | What it says: Specialized cities have benefits (less crowding, business advantages) but one big problem - they're vulnerable when their main industry fails. What it does: Introduces the central problem that the rest of the passage will address Source/Type: Author's analysis of specialized cities' weakness Connection to Previous Sentences: - Sentence 1 told us: Specialized cities exist and serve a purpose - Sentence 2 told us: Both city types are needed - NOW Sentence 3: Explains the main problem with specialized cities - This elaborates on specialized cities specifically, introducing the complication that will drive the rest of the passage Visualization: Detroit (car manufacturing) → Car industry declines → Whole city suffers vs. New York (diverse economy) → One sector fails → Other sectors continue Reading Strategy Insight: The phrase "The main issue" signals this is THE key problem the passage will focus on. Everything after this will be about solving this risk problem. What We Know So Far: Two city types exist, both needed, but specialized cities face a major vulnerability What We Don't Know Yet: What can be done about this risk? |
| But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses. | What it says: One obvious solution (make cities less specialized) creates its own problem - you lose the current benefits to avoid future risks. What it does: Eliminates the most obvious solution and sets up the need for alternative approaches Source/Type: Author's analysis of a potential solution Connection to Previous Sentences: - Sentence 3 told us: Specialized cities face risk due to their specialization - NOW Sentence 4: Explains why the obvious fix (reduce specialization) doesn't work well - This builds on the problem by showing simple solutions aren't adequate Visualization: Obvious Solution: Make Detroit more diverse → Lose car manufacturing efficiency → Sacrifice current benefits for uncertain future protection Reading Strategy Insight: This is NOT introducing new complexity - it's explaining why we need better solutions. The author is helping us understand why this issue requires thoughtful alternatives. What We Know So Far: Specialized cities have a risk problem, and the simple solution doesn't work What We Don't Know Yet: What are the better alternative solutions? |
| Insurance by the central government may be a good alternative. | What it says: Government insurance could be a better solution. What it does: Introduces the first alternative solution to the specialization risk problem Source/Type: Author's suggested alternative solution Connection to Previous Sentences: - Previous sentences established: Specialized cities have risk, simple solutions don't work - NOW: First alternative solution is presented - This directly addresses the problem identified earlier Visualization: Government insurance for Detroit → If car industry fails → Federal government provides financial support → City survives the transition Reading Strategy Insight: We're now in the "solutions section" of the passage. Each sentence will likely present and evaluate different approaches to the specialization risk problem. What We Know So Far: Problem identified, simple solution rejected, government insurance proposed What We Don't Know Yet: What are the drawbacks of government insurance? |
| However, this is costly, and complete insurance may lead to complacency. | What it says: Government insurance has two problems - it's expensive and might make cities careless. What it does: Points out the flaws in the government insurance solution Source/Type: Author's critique of the insurance solution Connection to Previous Sentences: - Previous sentence told us: Government insurance might work - NOW: Explains why government insurance has problems too - This follows the pattern: propose solution → identify its flaws Visualization: Too expensive: Taxpayers fund bailouts for every struggling specialized city Complacency: Detroit knows government will bail them out → Don't try to adapt or improve Reading Strategy Insight: This is the same pattern as before - solution, then problems with that solution. We should expect more alternatives to follow. What We Know So Far: Government insurance is flawed, like the previous solution What We Don't Know Yet: What's the next alternative? |
| Another alternative is to give local governments the power to restructure local economies. | What it says: Let local governments change their own economies instead of relying on federal insurance. What it does: Introduces the second alternative solution Source/Type: Author's second suggested alternative Connection to Previous Sentences: - This continues the pattern: government insurance was flawed - NOW: Second alternative is local government control - "Another alternative" explicitly connects this to the previous solution attempt Visualization: Detroit's local government → Decides to transition from cars to renewable energy manufacturing → Manages its own economic transformation Reading Strategy Insight: "Another alternative" confirms we're in a solutions-testing section. Based on the pattern, this solution will probably also have problems. What We Know So Far: Two solutions proposed so far, first one was flawed What We Don't Know Yet: What's wrong with local government control? |
| This may lead, however, to the involvement of local government in excessively ambitious economic-development policies; not every community can create the next Silicon Valley. | What it says: Local governments might try unrealistic projects - most places can't become the next tech hub. What it does: Identifies the flaw in the local government solution Source/Type: Author's critique with concrete example Connection to Previous Sentences: - Previous sentence: Local government control as solution - NOW: Problems with local government control - This maintains the exact same pattern: solution → critique Visualization: Small rust belt city → Spends millions trying to become "Silicon Valley of the Midwest" → Fails because it lacks the right conditions, resources, and talent Reading Strategy Insight: Same pattern again - this should feel familiar, not overwhelming. The Silicon Valley example makes the problem concrete and memorable. What We Know So Far: Two solutions tried and found flawed What We Don't Know Yet: Are there more solutions? |
| Moreover, the link between innovation and diversity seems fairly robust, so highly innovative clusters cannot be bred in highly specialized economic environments. | What it says: Innovation needs diversity, so specialized cities can't easily become innovation centers. What it does: Provides additional reasoning for why the local transformation approach is difficult Source/Type: Author's analysis based on research observation Connection to Previous Sentences: - Previous sentences: Local governments can't easily create Silicon Valley - NOW: Explains WHY this is true - innovation requires diversity, which specialized cities lack - "Moreover" signals this is additional support for the previous point Visualization: Specialized City: 80% car manufacturers → Limited cross-industry innovation vs. Diverse City: Tech + Finance + Medical + Education → Ideas cross-pollinate → Innovation thrives Reading Strategy Insight: "Moreover" means "here's more evidence for what I just said" - this is reinforcement, not new complexity. This connects back to the very first sentence about diverse vs. specialized cities. What We Know So Far: Local transformation is hard because specialized cities can't easily innovate What We Don't Know Yet: Any more solutions to try? |
| An alternative solution is to encourage labor mobility - but in Europe, for example, this awakens fears about lost regional identities. | What it says: Third solution: help workers move to other cities when industries fail, but this creates cultural concerns. What it does: Introduces the third alternative and immediately notes its problems Source/Type: Author's third alternative with geographic example Connection to Previous Sentences: - Continues the established pattern of solution → problem - "An alternative solution" connects to the previous failed solutions - This is the third attempt in the same problem-solving sequence Visualization: Coal mining region in Germany → Mines close → Workers move to Berlin or Munich → Local communities lose their cultural identity and traditions Reading Strategy Insight: Exact same pattern for the third time - this should feel very predictable now. The author is demonstrating that this is a genuinely difficult problem by showing multiple flawed solutions. What We Know So Far: Three solutions attempted, all have significant drawbacks What We Don't Know Yet: Does the author conclude anything about these trade-offs? |
2. Passage Summary:
Author's Purpose:
To explore the difficult challenge of managing risk in specialized cities by examining multiple potential solutions and showing why each one has significant drawbacks.
Summary of Passage Structure:
The author builds their analysis by systematically working through a policy problem:
- First, the author establishes that there are two types of cities - diverse ones that create new things and specialized ones that mass-produce things - and explains that both are necessary.
- Next, the author identifies the main problem with specialized cities: they face serious risk when their main industry fails, but simply making them less specialized isn't a good solution because you lose important benefits.
- Then, the author tests three alternative solutions one by one: government insurance (but it's expensive and creates bad incentives), local government control (but leads to unrealistic projects and can't work because innovation needs diversity), and encouraging worker mobility (but threatens regional cultural identity).
- Finally, the author leaves the reader with the understanding that this is a genuinely difficult problem where all proposed solutions involve significant trade-offs.
Main Point:
The risk problem faced by specialized cities is extremely difficult to solve because every potential solution creates its own serious problems, leaving policymakers with tough choices between competing priorities.
3. Question Analysis:
The question asks us to identify one possible disadvantage of limiting specialization according to the passage. This is asking about the problems with reducing how specialized cities are - essentially the drawbacks of making specialized cities more diversified.
Connecting to Our Passage Analysis:
From our passage analysis, we know that:
- The passage establishes that specialized cities face risk when their main industry fails
- The author explicitly addresses the idea of limiting specialization as a potential solution
- In the fourth sentence, the author states: "But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses"
- This sentence eliminates the most obvious solution (reducing specialization) and explains why it creates its own problems
- The passage structure shows this as part of the author's systematic examination of why simple solutions don't work
Prethinking:
Based on our analysis, the passage directly states that limiting specialization has a clear disadvantage: you give up current benefits to avoid potential future problems. The author is explaining why the obvious solution (make cities less specialized) isn't ideal - because you sacrifice the immediate advantages of specialization (like efficiency and localization economies) to protect against risks that might happen later. The answer should reflect this trade-off between present benefits and future risk protection.
Answer Choices Explained
A
any policy involves some risk, and the level of risk to be expected from limiting specialization is not always clear
Why It's Wrong:
• The passage doesn't discuss unclear or unpredictable risk levels from limiting specialization
• The author is actually quite specific about what happens when you limit specialization - you lose immediate benefits
• This choice focuses on uncertainty about risks, but the passage presents the trade-off as relatively clear
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you think the passage was saying all policy solutions are unclear?
→ Re-read the specific sentence about limiting specialization - the author explains exactly what the trade-off is
1. Did you confuse this with the general complexity of the problem?
→ Focus on what the passage specifically says about limiting specialization, not about the overall difficulty of finding solutions
• The passage doesn't discuss unclear or unpredictable risk levels from limiting specialization
• The author is actually quite specific about what happens when you limit specialization - you lose immediate benefits
• This choice focuses on uncertainty about risks, but the passage presents the trade-off as relatively clear
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you think the passage was saying all policy solutions are unclear?
→ Re-read the specific sentence about limiting specialization - the author explains exactly what the trade-off is
1. Did you confuse this with the general complexity of the problem?
→ Focus on what the passage specifically says about limiting specialization, not about the overall difficulty of finding solutions
B
insurance is available to cover any potential losses resulting from specialization
Why It's Wrong:
• This actually describes an advantage of specialization (insurance availability), not a disadvantage of limiting it
• The passage mentions government insurance as an alternative solution, not as something that makes limiting specialization bad
• This choice gets the logical relationship backwards
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you mix up the different solutions the author discusses?
→ Government insurance is presented as an alternative to limiting specialization, not as a reason why limiting specialization is bad
1. Did you confuse advantages with disadvantages?
→ The question asks for disadvantages of limiting specialization, not advantages of maintaining it
• This actually describes an advantage of specialization (insurance availability), not a disadvantage of limiting it
• The passage mentions government insurance as an alternative solution, not as something that makes limiting specialization bad
• This choice gets the logical relationship backwards
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you mix up the different solutions the author discusses?
→ Government insurance is presented as an alternative to limiting specialization, not as a reason why limiting specialization is bad
1. Did you confuse advantages with disadvantages?
→ The question asks for disadvantages of limiting specialization, not advantages of maintaining it
C
some unexpected and valuable innovations can result from specialization
Why It's Wrong:
• The passage doesn't suggest that limiting specialization prevents innovation - in fact, it suggests the opposite
• The author states that "the link between innovation and diversity seems fairly robust," which would support more diversity (less specialization)
• This choice contradicts the passage's stance on the relationship between diversity and innovation
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you think specialization leads to innovation?
→ The passage actually says innovation requires diversity, so specialized cities struggle to innovate
1. Did you confuse the benefits of specialization with innovation?
→ The passage mentions efficiency benefits of specialization, but says innovation comes from diversity
• The passage doesn't suggest that limiting specialization prevents innovation - in fact, it suggests the opposite
• The author states that "the link between innovation and diversity seems fairly robust," which would support more diversity (less specialization)
• This choice contradicts the passage's stance on the relationship between diversity and innovation
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you think specialization leads to innovation?
→ The passage actually says innovation requires diversity, so specialized cities struggle to innovate
1. Did you confuse the benefits of specialization with innovation?
→ The passage mentions efficiency benefits of specialization, but says innovation comes from diversity
D
future losses resulting from limiting specialization may outweigh present benefits
Why It's Wrong:
• This gets the timing backwards - the passage says you sacrifice present benefits to avoid future losses, not that future losses from limiting specialization outweigh present benefits
• The passage presents limiting specialization as giving up immediate gains for future protection, not as creating future problems
• This choice misrepresents the temporal relationship described in the passage
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you flip the timing of costs and benefits?
→ Re-read carefully: limiting specialization means "foregoing immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses"
1. Did you think limiting specialization creates future problems?
→ The passage suggests limiting specialization helps avoid future problems but costs you current benefits
• This gets the timing backwards - the passage says you sacrifice present benefits to avoid future losses, not that future losses from limiting specialization outweigh present benefits
• The passage presents limiting specialization as giving up immediate gains for future protection, not as creating future problems
• This choice misrepresents the temporal relationship described in the passage
Common Student Mistakes:
1. Did you flip the timing of costs and benefits?
→ Re-read carefully: limiting specialization means "foregoing immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses"
1. Did you think limiting specialization creates future problems?
→ The passage suggests limiting specialization helps avoid future problems but costs you current benefits
E
limiting specialization may involve sacrificing potential short-term benefits
Why It's Right:
• This directly matches what the passage states about limiting specialization
• The author explicitly says limiting specialization "may mean foregoing important immediate benefits"
• This captures the essential trade-off: you give up current advantages to reduce future risk
• The word "short-term" aligns with "immediate" in the passage
Key Evidence: "But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses."
• This directly matches what the passage states about limiting specialization
• The author explicitly says limiting specialization "may mean foregoing important immediate benefits"
• This captures the essential trade-off: you give up current advantages to reduce future risk
• The word "short-term" aligns with "immediate" in the passage
Key Evidence: "But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses."
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